Books beyond paper

The technological developments in the field of computers and internet have brought in far reaching changes in both at home and the office. Communication through letters has changed over to exchange of e-mails. The vast storage space available in the computer is being utilized for storing text, music, pictures and video in electronic format. Once inside the computer hard disk, they are all digital files consisting of bits of ‘ones’ and ‘zeroes’. Office automation has improved efficiency and has provided cost reduction to survive in a competitive environment. Modern technology is known to have had its impact on every part of our life.It can’t leave the world of books untouched. e-book We are living in the age of information and the internet. This is the period of the knowledge economy. There are several changes that have taken place in the work area. Most of the work is being done using the computer, intranet and the internet. Modern offices have become paperless offices. Faster microprocessors and higher disk space available in the computer has made storage and retrieval of data faster and convenient and this has helped Project Gutenberg to convert texts of classical literature into the digital format (History and philosophy of Project Gutenberg, 1992).The idea was to make books and other information to be made available to the general public. The World Wide Web can be considered as a vast library where all sorts of information is stored and is accessible to anybody from any corner of the world. The websites which form the World Wide Web can be considered as the books or magazines of the virtual library. The websites have different applications such as games, on line shopping, networking, music and video sharing. But there are many websites such as online dictionaries and encyclopedias which have been organized similar to books or printed matter.Some of these websites and the databases can be considered as electronic books (Bradl ey F. James). HTML coding is the standard followed by all websites to accommodate text as well as pictures. A server is a host where the WebPages are uploaded. Hundreds of such WebPages are put together in a common server with a domain name so that they can be accessed easily. The WebPages are interconnected using hypertext links. This has resulted in a network consisting of WebPages full of information on all sorts of topics.Massive work is in progress in adding content to the websites and they are being periodically updated. There are any number of online libraries which host books that can be read on the net. The HTML coded text can be read using the web browsers. In addition there are books that can be downloaded which are generally in pdf format. Adobe Acrobat Reader is the software that is required for reading text in pdf format. Reading a book from a computer screen is not same as reading from the printed book. It is basically the comfort level of the reader.To make the conce pt of the e-book more acceptable and also to provide the reader the flexibility of reading the book as per his requirement, several manufacturers have come up with paperback size portable electronic gadgets that work on batteries. The e-books come in two broad categories; the personal digital assistant (PDA) and electronic reading device (ERD). While PDA is for multi-function use and it is considered as a hand held computer, ERD is specially designed and marketed for reading pleasure. ERD has the provision to download and store the e-book files from a computer hard disk and display text on a screen.For music files mp3 compression became a standard but there is no such standard for e-books. There are as many as 25 different formats which are being promoted by different manufacturers. In addition, the e-books that are commercially made available are with digital rights management (DRM), a form of security to prevent people from sharing without authorization (Rosso Sara, 2009). The ded icated e-book readers use E Ink technology to simulate text printed on paper and ink particles are displayed electronically. There is no need of backlighting of the display. It can be read even in broad day light.Amazon kindle is a product developed by Amazon. com and the second generation model became available in March 2009. There is provision to deliver content directly to the e-book within a wireless coverage area hence a computer is not required to download content. It has features such as choosing text size; the text can be read out either through speakers or headphones while the screen continues to show the text being read; choice of voice can be male or female; dictionary look up for a particular word without disturbing the content; notes made are saved and backed up on Amazon servers.It has capacity to hold thousand digital books, and other text from magazines and blogs. Whatever books purchased from Amazon. com are in a store for the customer and he can download them as an d when he wants through the wireless access provided. All other text files belonging to the user which are in different formats can be uploaded to Amazon where they get converted to kindle format and are available for downloading and reading on the device (Kindle User’s Guide).PRS-700 is the third generation Reader available from Sony and has additional features such as touch screen, on screen key board, and side lighting for reading in poor light. The addition of touch screen is supposed to have affected the display contrast. A portable mp3 player is integrated within the Reader to listen to music in the background. The internal storage capacity may be limited to 350 books but it has memory stick and SDHC SD card slot to store thousands of books and tunes (Gade Lisa, 2008). It uses Sony software to synchronize with desk top computer to transfer books to the Reader.It supports different text formats such as text, RTF, MS Word, PDF and ePub. The iLiad book from iRex Technologi es is an e-book with 8. 1 inch touchscreen display and has memory that can be expanded to 8 GB to accommodate up to 10,000 books in digital format. This needs to be connected to a PC using a USB cable to search and browse the net to download books or get it from mobipocket. com an online ebook-store. Mobipocket Reader is the software that works with this device. The handwritten notes can be converted to digital text. This device supports several formats (Stunningly paper-like).Cybook Gen3 is an e-book from the French manufacturer Bookeen, slightly smaller in size with a six inch screen and easily fits in the hand. There is no provision for taking notes and Wi-Fi connectivity for downloading data. It needs to be connected to the PC with a USB cable to transfer data. 64MB built in memory is provided and SD card can be used for additional storage. It supports several text formats including PDF. It has an mp3 player for listening to music and also for playing audio books. It is energy e fficient and the battery provides 8000 screen refreshes (Vogel Sandra, 2008).The present generation of student population is technology friendly and would love the text books in a digital format which provides a clear advantage of easy portability in a laptop. It is easier for the libraries to store them and many people can access them using the intranet or the internet. The content can be updated as required. The library can transform itself from a place of storing books to an information portal. There is a need to distinguish the reading content from the e-book as a medium for storage and reading.It is just like the difference between the music and the storage medium such as cassettes, CDs and mp3 digital files. The technological changes that were accepted in the music industry have helped in distributing music in different formats and now iPods and iTunes are the most popular form of the medium and the distribution channel for music. We are hopeful of a similar transformation to take place in text content and its medium and distribution provided the problem of DRM is settled and text content file is made available at a fractional price of its printed counterpart.A standard open file format will be helpful in expanding the market Conclusion The text in digital format has several advantages of small size, easy portability, searching capability, font type and size, and ready access to dictionary. In theses days where people are losing reading interest, the rigid attitude of publishers on DRM and high cost of text in digital format is coming in the way of generating customer interest in e-book as a useful reading of tool. Works cited Bradley F.James â€Å"The Electronic Book and PDA† retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. scinet. cc/articles/ebook/electronicbook. html Gade Lisa â€Å"Sony Reader PRS-700† Nov 11, 2008 Mobile Tech Review retrieved on 2009-05-15 http://www. mobiletechreview. com/gadgets/Sony-Reader-PRS-700. htm â€Å"History and philos ophy of Project Gutenberg† Aug 92 retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. promo. net/pg/history. html â€Å"Kindle User’s Guide† 3rd edition retrieved on 2009-05-15 https://kindle. s3. amazonaws. com/Kindle_Users_Guide_v3. pdfRosso Sara â€Å"How to Read an ebook: Formats, Devices, Dedicated Readers and iPhone Applications† Mar 10, 2009 retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. whenihavetime. com/how-to-read-an-ebook-formats-devices-dedicated-readers-and-iphone-applications/? PHPSESSID=bb4854fd629733b5375a6a83a7f0d70d â€Å"Stunningly, Paper-like† The iLiad Book Edition retrieved on 2009-05-16 http://www. irextechnologies. com/products/bookedition/features Vogel Sandra â€Å"Bookeen Cybook Gen3 Review† Nov 9, 2008 Trusted Reviews retrieved on 2009-05-16 http://www. trustedreviews. com/mobile-devices/review/2008/01/09/Bookeen-Cybook-Gen3/p1

Chondrogenesis Of Adult Stem Cells Health And Social Care Essay

1.0 IntroductionDegenerative gristle diseases, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , affect 1000000s of people worldwide and therefore have tremendous societal and economic effects. Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive devastation of articular gristle and finally the full articulation, associated with variable grades of local redness, motional hurting, puffiness of the damaged tissue and thickener of the articulations. The internal fix capacity of articular gristle is hapless due to several alone features of the tissue, including slow turnover of gristle collagen, deficiency of vascularisation and the low figure of root cells that could lend to the fix. In mature articular gristle, chondrocytes have small intrinsic potency for fix. Repair may happen by an extrinsic mechanism, which depends on mesenchymal stromal cells ( MSCs ) in next connective tissue. Several intervention options have been used for gristle fix in gristle lesions, including soft tissue trades, and chondrocyte and osteochondral organ transplant. However these methods are limited by the hapless handiness of suited donor tissue and the hazard of infection and implant failure associated w ith entire joint replacings [ 14 ] . These restrictions are the driving force behind much research into cell-based methods for efficaciously handling diseased or damaged gristle [ 15 ] . Tissue technology has been defined as â€Å" an interdisciplinary field that applies the rules of technology and the life sciences toward the development of biological replacements that restore, maintain, or better tissue map † [ 14 ] ) . Tissue technology schemes by and large involve the undermentioned phases: ( 1 ) designation and isolation of a suited beginning of cells ; ( 2 ) industry of a device to either carry or encapsulate the cells ; ( 3 ) uniform seeding of cells onto or into the device and appropriate civilization ; and ( 4 ) in vivo nidation of the engineered concept ( Figure-1 [ 16 ] ) . Figure-1: Conventional representation of a tissue technology scheme: ( A ) isolation of an appropriate cell population ; ( B ) fiction of a scaffold ; ( C ) seeding of cells into scaffold and in vitro civilization of cell-scaffold concept ; and ( D ) nidation of tissue engineered device. The field of tissue technology has opened up new possibilities for fix and regeneration of gristle by uniting cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioactive signals [ 1, 2 ] . Mesenchymal cells ( MSCs ) offer a promising beginning due to its ability to proliferate extensively and distinguish into multiple cell line of descents in vitro and in vivo, including chondrocytes, bone-forming cells and adipocytes [ 6 ] . MSCs are present in a assortment of grownup tissues, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Adult root cells derived from adipose tissue ( adipose-derived root cells, ASCs ) [ 3,4 ] and bone marrow ( bone marrow-derived mesenchymal root cells, BMSCs ) [ 5,6 ] have shown important chondrogenic potency for such a tissue technology attack [ 7-10 ] . The BMSCs or human bone marrow stromal root cells can be cultured, expanded and so transplanted into the injured site or, after seeding on molded polymer scaffolds, placed back in the patient to bring forth appropriate tissue concepts. It is a instead clip overwhelming process for the patients and the research lab employees. Besides, these BMSCs have a low cell figure upon reaping so they need to be expanded and so transplanted to the injured site or seeded on/in a polymer scaffold. The procedure takes much clip as besides the clip it requires in the research lab, the patients need to be operated twice, first to roll up the BMSCs and-or stabilise the defect and so to put the scaffold or transfer the BMSCs. Adipose tissue might be a promising alternate beginning of root cells that could hold far-reaching effects on several Fieldss including gristle tissue technology. It is really good known that root cells derived from adipose tissue are capable to distinguish into adipocytes, chondrocytes, bone-forming cells and myoblasts, like Mesenchymal Stem Cells ( MSCs ) . ASCs have attracted involvement due to ease of isolation process and comparative copiousness handiness of cells as compared to BMSCs [ 11, 12 ] . Large figure of ASCs in adipose tissue makes them an ideal campaigner for so called â€Å" one measure surgical process † for the intervention of osteo chondral defects [ 13 ] . Chondrogenic distinction of these cells may be induced by specii ¬?c cytokines, growing factors [ 22 ] , biophysical stimulation such as hydrostatic force per unit area, hyperosmolarity, hypoxia and proviso of a suited three-dimensional ( 3-D ) environment. In this literature describe the focal point is on methods used for bring oning adipose derived root cells and bone marrow derived root cells into the chondrogenic line of descent and besides to know apart initiation methods between adipose derived root cells and bone marrow derived root cells. This leads to treatments on ( 1 ) rudimentss of gristle tissue technology and the usage of root cells ( 2 ) features and biological facets of BMSCs ( 3 ) features and biological facets of root cells derived from adipose tissue ( 4 ) difference between these two root cells, ( 5 ) Factors used for bring oning adipose root cells in to chondrogenic line of descent2.0 Cartilage2.1 Cartilage biological scienceCartilage is a an avascular, aneural and alymphatic connective tissue nowadays in many sites of the craniate organic structure, including the jointing articulations between castanetss, rib coop, ear, nose, bronchial tubings and intervertebral phonograph record. Cartilage is classified in three s ubtypes based on its morphology and the composing of the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) asA hyaloid gristle, elastic cartilageA andA fibro-cartilage. Out of the three subtypes hyaloid gristle is rich in collagen type II and proteoglycan and it is found in between articulations. Besides it is the lone gristle subtype that can prolong mechanical strain. Articular gristle, which is present at the jointing surfaces of castanetss within synovial articulations, is formed from hyaloid gristle. The location of articular gristle within the articulatio genus articulation is shown in Figure 2. Articular gristle forms a lasting bed with a thickness of 0.5 to 7.0mm at the surface cut downing clash between the castanetss and administering tonss across the full articulation surface [ 89 ] . The one disadvantage of gristle is that unlike other type of tissues, foods are non supplied by blood vass alternatively diffuse through the matrix and gristle is repaired at a slower rate than other connective t issues. This is due to the deficiency of the three-step lesion mending procedure nowadays in other tissues ; i.e. redness, proliferation and tissue remodeling. Chondrogenesis is the procedure by which gristle is formed from condensed mesenchymal connectiveA tissue, which differentiates intoA chondrocytesA and secretes the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. The procedure begins with the collection and condensation of loose mesenchyme. Early in foetal development, the greater portion of the skeleton is cartilaginous. ThisA temporaryA gristle is bit by bit replaced by bone ( Endochondral ossification ) , a procedure that ends at pubescence. In contrast, the gristle in the articulations remains unossified during the whole of life and is, hence, A permanent. Factors such as the bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) are known to play critical functions in the compression of mesenchymal cells and the defining of the condensation [ 17 ] . As discussed before, onceA damaged gristle has limited fix capablenesss sinceA chondrocytesA are bound inA blank, they can non migrate to damaged countries. Fig-2 Location of articular gristle within the articulatio genus articulation ( adapted from Drury and Shipley 1998 ) .2.2 Cartilage tissue technologyAs gristle healing is limited, there exists a turning demand for cell based schemes for gristle fix. The quickly rising field of tissue technology holds great promise for the coevals of functional tissue replacements, including gristle, by technology tissue constructsA in vitroA for subsequent implantationA in vivo. The basic rule is to use a biocompatible, structurally and automatically sound scaffold that is seeded with an appropriate cell beginning, and is loaded with bioactive molecules to advance cellular distinction and/or ripening. Although advancement has been made late in technology gristle of assorted forms and sizes for decorative intents [ 18 ] , the challenges of technology a weight-bearing tissue, such as articular gristle that consists of multiphasic cellular architecture, are important. Articular gristle provides its ain peculiar challenges for tissue technology. Though its construction appears simple and contains merely one cell type, it has a complex and extremely organized extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The physical belongingss of articular gristle depend on the construction and organisation of the supermolecules in the ECM. The construction of collagen gives it impressive tensile belongingss, which is utile to bring forth a tissue that is non merely strong in tenseness but besides immune to compaction. This is achieved by make fulling the interfibrillar matrix with a really high content of proteoglycan, chiefly aggrecanA [ 19, 20 ] . The challenge for gristle tissue technology is to bring forth gristle tissue with suited construction and propertiesA ex vivo, which can be implanted into articulations to supply a natural fix that with clip, will go incorporate with the patient ‘s tissues. There have been a figure of successful attacks to weave applied scientist gristle, including the usage of natural and man-made biomaterial scaffolds, allogeneic and autologous beginnings of mature chondrocytes and chondroprogenitor cells, biophysical cues such as hydrostatic force per unit area, hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, chondroinductive growing factors, such as the transforming growing factor-I?s ( TGF-I?s ) , and combinations thereof. Some of the current progresss in cartilage tissue technology are highlighted here.3.0 Characterization and biological facets of Adipose root cells and bone marrow root cells3.1 Bone marrow-derived root cells ( BMSCs )Bone marrow contains three types of root cells, haematopoietic root cells, m esenchymal root cells and endothelial root cells. Hematopoietic root cells give rise to the three categories of blood cells that are found in the circulation white blood cellsA ( leucocytes ) , A ruddy blood cells ( red blood cells ) , andA plateletsA ( platelets ) . Mesenchymal root cellsA are found arrayed around the cardinal fistula in the bone marrow. They have the capableness to distinguish intoA bone-forming cells, chondrocytes, A myocytes, and many other types of cells. Stem cells obtained from bone marrow are found in the stroma of the marrow. These cells are typically obtained from bone marrow aspirates from marrow graft givers. When cultured in vitro, bone marrow root cells exhibit a fibroblast-like morphology. Marrow stromal cells have been studied and certain cell surface markers have been identified which are utile in cell choice and finding of readying of marrow root cell populations [ 21 ] . In add-on to their ability to distinguish into multiple cell line of descents, the usage of bone marrow root cells offer a beginning of cells that is isolated and expanded in vitro. Bone marrow-derived root cells were isolated and described for the i ¬?rst clip by Friedenstein and Owen at the University of Oxford, UK, in the 1960s, followed by intensive work on the survey of the belongingss of these cells [ 23-29 ] . They took bone marrow and incubated for 4 hours in fictile civilization dishes and removed the non-adherent cells. A heterogonous population of cells was retrieved, with some adherent cells exhibiting a spindle form ; besides, they multiplied quickly in vitro, organizing distinguishable settlements called colony-forming unit i ¬?broblasts ( CFU-Fs ) . Finally, these cells were successfully isolated from several mammals, including worlds [ 30,31 ] . In add-on, the CFU-Fs were found to hold multi-potent, therefore connoting that they have stem cell belongingss [ 29,32 ] . These cells differentiated into multiple mesenchymal cell line of descents in vitro, including bone [ 33 ] , ligament [ 34 ] , adipose [ 33 ] , gristle [ 35,36 ] and musculus [ 3 7 ] . Similarly, following the organ transplant of CFU-Fs in vivo, they formed little sedimentations of bone, gristle or fat [ 37-39 ] . This was further supported the multi-potent potency of CFU-Fs. Similar cells have been isolated from different mesenchymal tissues, including synovial [ 40 ] , sinews [ 41 ] , skeletal musculuss [ 42 ] and adipose tissue [ 43,44 ] . BMSCs are normally isolated from the mononucleate bed of bone marrow after separation by denseness gradient centrifugation. These mononucleate cells are cultured in media incorporating 10-15 % foetal calf or autologous serum [ 45 ] . The BMSCs adhere to the tissue civilization plastic, go forthing little adherent i ¬?broblast-like cells. Thereafter, the cells divide and proliferate quickly. For in vitro chondrogenic distinction MSCs are needed to be kept in high denseness 3-D environment. This can be attained by aggregating the cells in mircomass pellets or as suspension in alginate. Different man-made or biological scaffolds like agarose, collagen suspensions, fibrin gels and biopolymers can be used [ 46-48 ] . Alginate bead civilization is an first-class tool for chondrogenic distinction surveies in vitro. Alginate is a additive polyose which is soluble in aqueous solutions and cells can be homogenously suspended in it. It is cross-linked in presence of Ca or other bivalent ions to organize a polymerized hydrogel. Importantly, it can be easy resolubilized by a chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate ( EDTA ) to divide cells from the ECM [ 49 ] . Chondrogenic distinction is a complicated procedure necessitating good defined conditions, hence, external foetal calf serum ( FCS ) usually used for proliferation of MSCs has to be substituted by defined medium addendum, like widely used ITSa„? . ITSa„? contains insulin, beta globulin, selenious acid and linoleic acid suspended in solution of bovine serum albumen. Insulin as a endocrine addendum is necessary for endurance of cells as it is involved in fatty acid and animal starch synthesis. Transferrin is an iron-binding protein for endocrines and foods, hence, it is critical for in vitro cell growing and selenious acid is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase necessary for cell membrane unity. Linoleic acid is an built-in constituent of chondrogenic medium, like many unsaturated fatty acids it is an built-in membrane constituent and of import for cell growing. It is non a specific chondrogenic distinction factor but in combination with Tgf-? has profound stimulatory consequence on chondrogenesis. Tgf-? entirely and in combination with Decadron enhance chondrogenesis [ 50,51 ] . The chondrogenic medium has to be enriched with proline because this amino acid is found in really high concen trations in extracellular matrices. Pro-x-gly-pro sequence motive appears really often in collagens where ten is normally a impersonal amino acid. Ascorbic acid is required as an negatron giver, therefore it contributes collagen synthesis by moving as a carbon monoxide factor for lysine proline hydroxylation necessity for the formation of typical-triple coiling collagen constructions [ 52 ] . As all the needed conditions are met MSCs start to lose their fibroblast like features and get down showing chondrocyte particular ECM which can be monitored by look of chondrogenic markers. Several other methods are used to assist distinguish MSCs into osteocytes, adipocytes, myocytes or tenocytes in vitro. Bone marrow aspirates are still being used though there are major restraints. The chief restraints in utilizing BMSCs are: heterogenous population of the cells, painful process to roll up the bone marrow and the population of MSCs nowadays in bone marrow is really low ( 0.001-0.01 % or about 1 MSC per 105 disciple stromal cells ) [ 53 ] . Besides MSCs needs to be expanded in vitro for a longer period of clip before adequate cells are present for seeding the scaffold or organ transplant [ 53 ] . These restraints favours the statement for placing new beginnings as feasible options to cram marrow, but farther surveies in clinically relevant animate being theoretical accounts are needed to better qualify the comparative – in our case- chondrogenic potency. One of these options might lie in the usage of root cells derived from adipose tissue.3.2 Adipose tissue-derived root cellsIn order to utilize adipose tissue for the usage of tissue technology, the composing of this tissue needs to be analyzed foremost. Adipose tissue is specialized connective tissue that maps as the major storage site for fat in the signifier of triglycerides. In grownup mammals, the major majority of adipose tissue is a loose association of lipid-filled cells, which are held in a model of collagen fibres. Adipose tissue, better known as fat is composed of blood cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, adipose precursor cells, and adipocytes [ 54, 55 ] . Fat is divided into two types ( I ) br own adipose tissue ( BAT ) and white adipose tissue ( WAT ) . The morphology and map of brown fat cells are distinguishable from white adipocytes. The map of BAT is to interpret energy into heat production [ 56 ] . Phenotypically, brown fat cells are rich in chondriosome and accumulate lipoids in multiple little droplets [ 57 ] . The tissue what is normally recognized as â€Å" the fat † , which is besides the larger proportion of the organic structure fat, consists of WAT. Mature adipocytes of WAT are cells with one big lipid droplet and really small cytol with the karyon located at fringe of the cell [ 54 ] . This morphology is described as the signet pealing signifier and the cell may be termed a univacuolar adipocyte. White adipose tissue serves three maps: heat insularity, mechanical shock absorber, and most significantly, a beginning of energy [ 55 ] ( Fig 1 ) Figure 1a†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ White fat cell and brown fat cell. Note the individual big lipid vacuole in the white fat cell and the legion smaller lipid vacuoles in the brown fat cell. LV: lipid vacuole ; M: chondriosome ; N: karyon. Artwork courtesy of Dr. John Horwitz, U.C. Davis. The white fat cells range in size from 25 to 200 micrometers. Mitochondrions are found preponderantly in the thicker part of the cytoplasmatic rim near the karyon. The big lipid droplet does non look to incorporate any intracellular cell organs. A brown fat cell may make a diameter of 60 micrometers and the lipid droplet within the cell may make 25 micrometers in diameter. The brown colour of this tissue is derived from the cells ‘ rich vascularization and dumbly jammed chondriosomes. These chondriosomes vary in size and may be round, egg-shaped, or filiform in form [ 56,57 ] .3.3 Biological facets of ASCs in vivo and in vitroThe exact beginning of the adipocyte, the chief cells of adipose tissue, is still non to the full understood. The earliest phase in adipocyte distinction is pluripotent root cells which give rise to mesenchymal precursor cells [ 58 ] . These pluripotent root cells are the adipose-derived grownup root ( ASCs ) cells. These ASCs are capable to distinguish in to the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic line of descents, neural cells and clamber [ 58 ] . ASCs, besides called processed lipoaspirate cells ( PLA cells ) , are considered a separate cell population within the adipose tissue [ 4 ] . The capacity of ASCs to distinguish into several tissues suggests the presence of a root cell population within adipose tissue, it can non be ruled out though the presence of pluripotent cells from other beginnings, like marrow-derived MSCs from peripheral blood, or dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes will ensue in the coevals of pluripotent cells. However, the presence of MSCs in peripheral blood is non likely. The sum of MSCs in bone marrow is low, i1 MSC per 105 stromal cells [ 6,53 ] and the sum of MSCs in peripheral blood is even lower. One major advantage of ASCs is that it can be isolated from many fat terminals within the organic structure by minimally invasive suction lipectomy and by subsequent enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue [ 4 ] . Besides deficit of autologous donor tissue is, in the instance of adipose tissue, really improbable in most persons. ASCs are located in the stromal-vascular fraction ( SVF ) of the host adipose tissue. Adipose tissues are normally harvested by resection or suction lipectomy and later digested with collagenase type I. Once the stromal-vascular multitudes are isolated, they are cultured in lineage-specific civilization media. For chondrocyte distinction the cells are cultured in DMEM supplemented with FBS, insulin, transforming growing factor ( TGF ) , ascorbate and Decadron at suited concentrations. ASCs are able to defy freeze/thaw direction without any apparent impact on the growing characteristic. However, when adipose tissue is harvested from the organic structure the surgical processs used have some impact on the subsequent growing profile of ASC. Ultrasound-assisted suction lipectomy consequences in a lower frequence of proliferating ASC, every bit good as a longer population duplicating clip of ASC, compared with pure resection and puffy resection. Phenotypic markers are non affected by ultr asound intervention [ 59 ] . Guilak et Al. showed that ASCs ringers derived from lipoaspirates can distinguish along two or more of the adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and neuron-like cells [ 60 ] . These findings coupled with the fact that ASCs can undergo several population doublings while retaining their distinction capablenesss, supports the hypothesis that ASCs are a type of multi-potent grownup root cells [ 60, 61 ] . In vitro, distinction of ASCs cells can be induced by the supplementation of endocrines and substrates to the growing medium. Some illustrations are: Glucocorticoids ( corticosterone, hydrocortisone, dexamethason, and cortisol ) , phosphodiesterase inhibitors ( IBMX, forskolin ) , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR I? ) ligands ( adipogenic distinction ) , indomethacin, fibrates ( Atromid-S, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate ) , insulin, and liothyronine. Besides growing factors have been found to modulate distinction, like basic FGF, EGF, PDGF, TGF I? , and TNF [ 44 ] . An illustration of lineage-specific distinction induced by media supplementation is demonstrated by Zuk et Al. [ 44 ] . The experimental and clinical grounds shows that ASCs are an equal alternate beginning for regenerative medical specialty peculiarly because it can be maintained in vitro for drawn-out periods of clip with stable population doublings and low aging degrees [ 4 ] . Although the bone marrow is a dependable beginning of root cells, its crop is an invasive process and the figure of stray cells can be low and age dependant. Pittenger et Al. [ 6 ] showed that merely 0.01-0.001 % of mononucleate cells isolated from the bone marrow lead to colony-forming units. On the other manus, adipose tissue can give big sums of root cells and can be obtained in copiousness. As such, ASCs open legion and promising positions for regenerative therapies.4.0 Factors impacting chondrogenesis4.1 Consequence of Growth factors on chondrogenesisThe usage of cytokines and growing factors is really of import for the development of a defined civilization environment for directing the chondrogenic distinction of root cells. Indeed, legion cytokines and growing factors have been implicated in chondrogenesis. As the procedure of chondrogenesis is so closely related with osteogenesis, many of the cytokines and growing factors that promote chondrogenic distinction are besides some what involved in osteogenic distinction [ 62, 63 ] . Hence, the challenge is to happen an optimized elusive combination of these assorted cytokines and growing factors that would assist in distinction specifically toward the chondrogenic line of descent. Among the most powerful inducers of chondrogenic distinction are members of the transforming growing factor beta ( TGF-I? ) household. Besides the assorted iso-forms of TGF-I? [ 64,66-67 ] and bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) [ 65,68 ] , other members of the TGF-I? ace household include activin [ 69 ] , osteogenic protein-1 [ 70 ] , and growing distinction factor 5 ( GDF-5 ) [ 71 ] are used. The effects of cytokines of the TGF-I? ace household on chondrogenic distinction are transduced through two major intracellular signaling tracts, SMAD household of signaling molecules [ 72 ] and involves mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling [ 73 ] . Interestingly, both signaling Cascadess are activated by the same TGF-I? receptor composite. Barry et al demonstrated that TGF-I? 2 and TGF-I? 3 iso-forms have stronger chondrogenic potency than TGF-I?1 [ 78 ] . Kim et Al showed that combinations of greater doses of presently known growing factors, TGF-I? 2 and IGF-I, lead to a chondr ogenesis from ASCs comparable to that observed with BMSCs [ 79 ] . Another household of cytokines that plays an of import function in chondrogenesis is comprised of assorted iso-forms of fibroblast growing factor ( FGF ) . The effects of FGF on chondrogenic distinction are transduced chiefly through MAPK signaling [ 74 ] . This leads to increased look of the written text factor Sox9, which is the maestro regulator of chondrogenesis. Besides the TGF-I? and FGF household of cytokines, insulin like growing factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) [ 75-77 ] has besides been shown to hold effects on chondrogenic distinction.4.2 Effect of biomaterial scaffolds ( biologic, biochemical and biomechanical belongingss ) on ChondrogenesisA broad scope of scaffolds have been used in gristle tissue technology surveies. Cartilage regeneration utilizing scaffolds involves seeding extremely porous biodegradable scaffolds with donor cells and/or growing factors. After seeding the scaffolds with the giver cells and/or grow ing factors, these scaffolds are implanted. Cells attached to the scaffold, so retroflex, distinguish into chondrogenic cells and form into normal healthy bone as the scaffold degrades. These scaffolds may be categorized with regard to the types of stuff used ( natural or man-made, degradable or non-degradable ) , the geometry of the scaffold ( gels, hempen meshes or porous sponges ) and their construction ( entire porousness, pore size, connectivity and distribution ; [ 103 ] . It is important that a tissue technology scaffold is fabricated from a stuff that is biocompatible, allows fond regard of cells, ECM secernment and tissue formation without the initiation of an inflammatory or toxic response [ 104 ] . In order for cells to be able to infiltrate the construction uniformly, it should incorporate a big figure of interrelated pores [ 105 ] . The size of the pores is of import to the infiltration and fond regard of the cells, for chondrocytes an optimal pore size of between 100 a nd 200I?m has been suggested [ 104 ] . The scaffold must besides be permeable, to let diffusion of foods into the matrix and the remotion of metabolic and degradation byproducts from it. Finally, it is of import that the scaffold has mechanical belongingss that allow it to defy nidation and the tonss experienced in vivo Many natural stuffs have been used because of their similarity with gristle ECM constituents, for illustration hyaluronan and collagen [ 106 ] . Other natural stuffs used in gristle tissue technology surveies include agarose, alginate and chitosan. Natural polymers are advantageous in tissue technology applications as they can undergo cell-specific interactions. The usage of natural stuffs, nevertheless, is limited by the big fluctuation between batches, the deficiency of big supplies for commercial usage and as they are frequently derived from non-human tissue they carry the hazard of reassigning pathogens [ 107 ] . Man-made polymers are frequently used in penchant to natural stuffs as it is possible to mass-produce polymers with custom-designed belongingss. Poly ( lactic acid ) ( PLA ) , poly ( glycolic acid ) ( PGA ) and co-polymers of PLA and PGA ( PLGA ) are normally used in tissue technology surveies as they have Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing for usage within the human organic structure. Ideally a scaffold that is to be implanted into the human organic structure should be biodegradable ) and the debasement merchandises should be non-toxic [ 104 ] .4.3 Effect of hypoxia on chondrogenesisOxygen lack within gristle tissues induces a hypoxic province which affects chondrocyte map. Cells exposed to hypoxia respond in many ways by impacting cistron look, distinction, and programmed cell death [ 91 ] . Transcription factor HIF-1I ± is considered as a survival factor for bring oning in hypoxic environments which inhibits proliferation but increases ECM production in mesenchymal ro ot cells ( MSCs ) and chondrocytes [ 92, 93 ] . Conditional omission of the cistron encoding HIF-1I ± in chondrocytes consequences in programmed cell death in hypoxic countries [ 92 ] and besides well reduces the chondrogenic possible [ 94 ] , proposing that hypoxia-induced up-regulation HIF-1I ± supports chondrogenic committedness. HIF-2I ± has besides been shown to command hypoxia enhanced chondrogenesis through both SOX9 dependant and independent signaling tracts [ 95 ] . Thus, hypoxia enhances the chondrogenic potency of mesenchymal cell populations during the development phase and under diseased conditions.4.4 Effect of hydrostatic force per unit area on chondrogenesisHydrostatic force per unit area has been proved to hold positive consequence on gristle in a figure of surveies [ 80 ] as exposure to increased hydrostatic force per unit area coincide with increased gristle thickness in vivo [ 81,82 ] . Cartilage is a extremely hydrous tissue, represent 70 % to 80 % H2O per moisture weight. Cartilage cells located in articular articulations experience hydrostatic force per unit area during periods of lading. The synovial fluid within the joint capsule transmits force per unit area to the H2O trapped within the gristle matrix, bring forthing a unvarying burden on chondrocytes in the tissue. The attractive force of negatively charged proteoglycan molecules within gristle causes its high H2O content, making a matrix that is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid. The swelling force per unit area of the proteoglycans is balanced by the tenseness of the collagen web, leting the tissue to swell significantly but still be a comparatively stiff stuff. High H2O content in the tissue plays a major function in the ability of the tissue to defy big compressive forces. Cartilage is incompressible under physiological degrees of hydrostatic force per unit area ( 7-10 MPa ) , ensuing in minimum tissue distortion [ 83-85 ] . Loading in this mode is comparatively safe for the structural unity of the tissue because it is a pure hydrostatic force per unit area that does non stretch or shear the tissue matrix. When gristle is loaded, the force is transmitted throughout the tissue, the fluid stage ab initio supports the applied burden, because H2O is trapped within the solid matrix of the tissue because of its low permeableness. The alteration in force per unit area from within the matrix finally forces fluid out of the tissue and into the synovial pit. The opposition that the fluid experiences as it leaves the matrix helps disperse energy and allows for a gradual softening of the tissue. This procedure efficaciously cushions the daze of a sudden burden without damaging the cells or extracellular matrix. The force per unit area that is produced by the tight fluid Acts of the Apostless uniformly on the chondrocytes within the matrix. This interstitial force per unit area, which for diarthrodial articulations ranges between 7 and 10 MPa during normal a ctivities [ 83,84 ] , is applied sporadically to the cells when walking, running, or switching weight while standing. Research workers emulated the mechanical stimulation in the research lab to engineer a higher quality gristle tissue [ 85-87 ] . The continuance and magnitude of hydrostatic lading vary widely as demonstrated by different surveies. Smith and associates exposed high-density chondrocyte monolayers to 10 MPa at 1Hz for 4h a twenty-four hours and obtained an addition of 65 % in GAG synthesis [ 88 ] . In another experiment utilizing the same lading regimen on cell monolayers, Smith and associates obtained a 9-fold addition in type II collagen messenger RNA and a 20-fold addition in aggrecan messenger RNA [ 89 ] . In a 3-dimensional experiment by Carver and Heath, concentrations of sulfated proteoglycans in civilized scaffolds were found to be twice every bit high as in controls after utilizing a 3.5-MPa, intermittent force ( 5/15 s on/off for 20 min every 4 H ) [ 90 ] . T hese consequences show that hydrostatic force per unit area is of import to chondrogenesis, particularly when cells are grown in a 3-dimensional environment.4.5 Effect of hyperosmolarity on chondrogenesisDuring mechanical burden, flow of H2O out of joint gristle will take to increase in osmotic force per unit area within the tissue. This indicates that osmotic force per unit area may positively act upon chondrogenesis. Osmotic force per unit area within the tissues additions due to the keeping of the extremely anionic proteoglycan and the necessary cationic counter ions and the osmotic force per unit area around the chondrocyte is changed straight by the burden on the tissue. Assorted surveies conducted to look into the effects of osmolarity on chondrocyte ECM synthesis shown that chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis can be decreased through the application of hyper- or hypo-osmotic conditions [ 98,100,101 ] . Besides a survey conducted late explained that application of dynamic hypo- osmotic emphasiss resulted in increased look of gristle ECM cistrons [ 96 ] . The survey besides showed an addition in glycosaminoglycan synthesis by articular chondrocytes under hyperosmotic conditions [ 97 ] over 24h civilizations. It besides showed the demand for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling, a transduction pathway known to be regulated by osmolarity in many beings [ 99 ] . Besides Wouter et Al. in his recent survey demonstrated that the application of hyperosmolarity and hypoxia in combination, is able to bring on chondrogenesis in ASCs to the same degree as initiation with transforming growing factor I?1 [ 102 ] .5.0 Conclusion and future waiesThe usage of MSCs in gristle tissue technology applications is a powerful ( new ) tool in the development of clinical schemes for fix of site-specific gristle defects and will assist to handle assorted gristle upsets. Currently bone marrow aspirates are still considered to be the most accessible and enriched beginning of MSCs [ 6 ] . However, the sum of cells at initial crop are limited in bone marrow aspirations, which makes bone marrow non an optimum beginning of MSC [ 4,16 ] . Furthermore, the process of aggregation of bone marrow aspirates is a painful process and therefore other beginnings are preferred. As such adipose tissues have been identified as a beginning from which adequate chondrogenic primogenito r cells can be obtained at initial crop for research lab and clinical usage. It besides provides us an advantage of insulating adequate cells in a short sum of clip during tissue civilization enlargement. Adipose Stem Cells ( ASCs ) have the similar distinction potency, morphology, phenotype and cistron look as MSCs, as demonstrated by several surveies and are considered as a better beginning of multi-lineage mesoblastic root cells for tissue technology in regard to their copiousness and handiness [ 6,43 ] . In decision, we know that there are multiple root cell reservoirs available for gristle TE research and clinical applications ; we should see utilizing the reservoir that is ( I ) available in a big volume with limited morbidity of the environing tissue upon crop ; and ( two ) accessible without or with the lowest sum of hurting. Furthermore the reservoir should ( iii ) clasp cells which are capable of distinction into chondrocytes, produce gristle seeded on biomaterial like scaffolds and ( four ) can be detected by simple research lab methods. In my sentiment adipose tissue provides us menus better in comparing in all the above characteristics. However, to go on to take advantage of ASCs for gristle tissue technology and its applications we require a complete apprehension of how the care and distinction of ASCs are regulated both in vivo and in vitro. Though it is considered to hold greater possible and can be developed as a suited option to cram marrow, farther surveies in clinically relevant animate being theoretical accounts are needed for better proof. Besides regulative issues and safety facets should be addressed exhaustively in presymptomatic and clinical scenes. Standardization of protocols and sooner automated devices for isolation of ASCs need to be pursued with a proper set of surface markers to verify the presence of the right ASCs cells within the primary cell isolate. Future developments in biomaterial for scaffolds and bioreactor design for cell civilization will take without uncertainty to new vehicles for the bringing of ASCs to cartilage defect sites. Besides the development of optimum conditions such as h ypoxia and appropriate biophysical cues, hydrostatic force per unit area and hyperosmolarity for in vitro cultivation can further increase the chondrogenic committedness and the ability of these cells to intercede the coevals of de novo gristle tissue.

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald Prohibition in the Great Gatsby symbolizes the resistance of the American people. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives the readers an inside look to the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is brimming with the resistance of the alcohol bans set in place by the U.S. government. The Prohibition was set into action on January 16, 1920. No one could no longer in the U.S. manufacture, import, export, or sale alcoholic beverages(The Roaring 20s). The government was pressured into the new amendment because of many movements such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The WCTU was largely concerned with the protection of the family. The union saw drinking by men a threat to wives and children. Drinking was also saw as sinful by many Protestant churches(Women Leaders of Temperance). It was groups and movements like these that undoubtedly wanted to prohibit alcohol. Although it seemed like a good concept it was tough for many to accept and even harder to execute. After the Prohibition Act came the Volstead Act ensued. This outlawed even beverages containing as little as 0.5% alcohol. Included in this was beer and wine. Many Americans thought that only hard liquor would be banned, the addition of drinks like beer and wine caused many to abandon the Prohibition Act (Prohibition). Early America wasn’t the dryest of countries. Everyone drank alcohol in some shape and form no matter the age (The Bootlegging Business). Many Americans opposed the Prohibition Act, so they found the means to get what they wanted. Underground establishments soon became a large business and a great opportunity to make some money. The most popular name for these establishments were speakeasies. The name came about because you would have to â€Å"speak easy† or quietly about it in public or around police (The Roaring 20s. While in a speakeasy patrons drank the hard liquor out of tea cups so that if a raid were to happen, they would be safe. Illegal drinking became the hit of the season. Soon gangster-owned speakeasies replaced neighborhood saloons and by 1925 they were about ten thousand speakeasies in New York (The Riverwalk Jazz). Hard liquor was very hard to buy, now that it was illegal it became very expensive. Those who could not afford it simply made their own often in bathtubs. Bathtub gin as it was called, was not always safe and was responsible for causing blindness and even death. People who had no idea what they were doing were often the ones making it. Drinking bathtub gin put drinkers at risk of consuming unsafe concentrations of wood or denatured alcohol (Prohibition). Gangsters realised that their was big money behind selling hard liquor. Not even an hour after the Prohibition Act was set in place six armed men had been found trying to rob train in Chicago of medicinal whiskey (How Prohibition Backfired). One gangster bought a group of pharmacists in the Midwest so that he was able to legally obtain alcohol and then hijack his trucks and take the alcohol for illegal uses. Alcohol used for industrial reasons was turned onto moonshine easily by bootleggers.In many large cities it wasn’t unusual for hardware stores to sell copper still and other ingredients to make alcohol (Prohibition and Why It Failed). The biggest gangster of them all was Al Capone. He made a name for himself by running a multi- million dollar operation. He smuggled illegal alcohol into Chicago. He was also known for being incredibly violent with his rival gangs (The Roaring 20s). In two years, Capone was earning around sixty million a year from alcohol sales alone. Capone was able to bribe the police and important politicians of Chicago, overall it cost him seventy five million dollars to keep them in line but he considered it a good investment. The mayor of Chicago in 1927 was one of Capone’s men, Big Bill Thompson (Prohibition and the Gangsters). Prohibition was never enforceable. Moderate drinking for Americans just simply wasn’t viewed as sinful (Prohibition). The Prohibition proved to be worthless and only lowed the regard for the government and law. In 1933, the eighteenth amendment was repealed, although many states kept the idea (The Roaring 20s). Many scholars have concluded that the Prohibition did more damage rather than help the communities. The greatest failure of the Prohibition was that it led to growth in organised crime. It also failed because ordinary citizens were willing to break the law. Corruption was rife among the police as well as those who were charged with enforcing the Prohibition(Prohibition and Why It Failed). Gatsby was known to have these crazy parties where people got drunk. Meaning he was able to get his hands on alcohol illegally. â€Å"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side- street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter†. Gatsby did something very similar to an gangster in new York that bought the pharmacies. Gatsby then used the alcohol at his gigantic parties (The Great Gatsby). Symbolized in the Great Gatsby was the Prohibition. Gatsby had large parties were many people would get wildly drunk. Fitzgerald gave his readers an inside look into his life. The roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby is filled with resistance from many American people that once supported the Prohibition Act.

Benjamin Franklin 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benjamin Franklin 2 - Essay Example In fact Franklin made several visits to England to ease the problems that was being faced due to the British colonies. The British governed the colonies through a board of Trade, members of Parliament and finally headed y the Crown. The situation in Pennsylvania was such that the youth was uneducated and there was no provision for defense. Only the children of rich or whoever could afford were educated. The colonies depended on cheap labor as Franklin observed how a frail feeble woman would sweep the entire length of the road for a few pence. Franklin found that the streets were not promptly cleaned and were poorly lit. Corruption prevailed and the tax system was unjustified. To keep guard at night, watchman collected an equal amount from a person who had a small plot and even from a rich man who had a huge mansion. Franklin indicates that slavery and exploitation ruled the colonies and the common people succumbed to such bonded labor out of desperation. He felt this was unjustified and protested against this. Franklin set up Academies and Societies for the benefit of the society at large. Franklin drew up a plan for the union of all colonies under one government to streamline the defense and other problems. His plans were approved although several of the commissioners had formed similar plans. A committee was formed that comprised of one member form each colony. The plan was finally not approved as the British thought it was too democratic. Yet another plan along the same lines to unite the colonies was rejected despite have public interest in it. Franklin realized that public measure should not be adopted from previous wisdom but should depend upon the occasion. Franklin observed that the colony governors prevailed upon their deputies to pass no act for levying the necessary taxes whenever there was any expense to be incurred for the defense of their province. To ensure that

Monitoring appropriate systems to improve organizational performance Coursework

Monitoring appropriate systems to improve organizational performance. (Answer 4 questions) - Coursework Example A Balanced Scorecard can be used for this purpose as it involves not only financial aspects of the business but also encompasses customer and internal business processes.2 The Balanced Scorecard which the company shall use is depicted below. A culture of quality can be developed in an organization if there is smooth internal communication between the employees.3 There need to be other features such as internal feedback as depicted by the Deming’s view of a system given below4. As shown in the figure above feedback to suppliers and employees is vitally important. It is equally important to seek out customer feedback and opinion through Market research and surveys.5 Russian Fitness Centre will employ this framework and perform all its functions with complete transparency. As far as internal structure is concerned the following figure depicts the flow of information and feedback in the Russian Fitness Centre. It has been shown above that the Russian Fitness Center would use Balanced Scorecard to monitor its standards of service. But one of the disadvantages of a Balanced Scorecard is that it focuses on specific parts of the business. This gap can be filled by employing TQM (Total Quality Management).6 TQM is a quality control technique pioneered by Japanese Automobile companies such as Toyota. It focuses on improving every part of the business and hence making a complete change in the overall structure of an organization.7 As far as Russian Fitness Center is concerned there will have to be a few changes in the various processes. There has to be a proper integration of the ‘front line’ staff such as the customer service assistants and the managers. This linking will help the management in being aware of the issues that are raised by customers. For example a customer may complain about lack of certain equipment in the fitness center. Usually these kinds of complaints go unnoticed unless the customer

National Industrial Recovery Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Industrial Recovery Act - Essay Example The company would not lower price lower than this. To reduce information asymnmetry, the fiscal policy was put up to balance the non-emergency budget thereby ensuring that everybody was equal in the society. Further, based on the moral hazards exhibited during the great depression, the New Deal was accompanied by an act which restricted the age of Child labor to 16 and above while also forbidding hazardous employment.The financial regulation came through in curbing the great depression without necessarily affecting the system of capitalism. Amazingly, they resulted to a beneficial capitalist system through creating a stabilized financial security. Further, they resulted to balance in the distribution of wealth across all states and equality among labor and industry. However, they did not last as expected because they resulted to increased national debt while also strengthening bureaucracy and inefficiency. The rights of the entrepreneurs were also infringed through the financial regu lations. Essentially, this led to the need to introduce more effective system to rescue the situation. As shown in the outcome of the New Deal, technology also played a major role in producing the impacts. During the great depression, 1920’s, most of the homes were not in a position to use technology as evident by the sub-standard housing, with no electrical appliances. During the integration of the New Deal, Modernization came in handy to spur the economy, as shown in the increased preference for electrical appliances.

Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations Research Paper - 1

Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations - Research Paper Example This paper will apply the process analysis theory to the development of solutions for this facility. By using a process flowchart or process map from a process analysis theory identified in the research and applied to the strategic planning issue complicated issues will be easier to understand, thus allowing for the solution to become clearer in the research. A search of the literature, Internet, Capella Library, and other sources for process analysis, flowcharts, and mapping will guide the direction of the paper. This writer will analyze a specific strategic planning issue, problem, or concern in the acute long-term care facility at RHC. This facility will be an example of many other long-term care facilities as the issues here are closely related within the industry. The rationale for choosing this topic is in the overall organizational structure of this writer’s own healthcare organizations problems and how they affect the overall care of the resident. Cost control is number one in management’s opinion and the consequences of that decision are not addressed appropriately or adequately. Health plans working with nursing homes need to offer better payment models to alleviate some of the issues. In addition, quality care suffers, staff retention is high, medical treatment is lacking, morale is low and patient/family satisfaction is unfavorable. Care coordinators for the resident would be a good implementation in the representation of resident. This writer’s own long-term c are facility has many issues with updating the changes required to address these issues. Those that are addressed are done in a crisis management criterion, simply putting out hot spots and not addressing long-term goals. This project will provide an organizational process to develop a better system for acute long-term care.

Accuracy in Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accuracy in Financial Reporting - Essay Example Very recently, there were reports of how Saytam Computer Services engaged in unethical financial reporting, which eventually led to the breakdown in an acquisition the company was embarking on. These new values were recorded as present values, making the financial standards of the company appear lucrative when in essence, that was not the real situation. After the proposed buyers found out the situation, they withdrew from the deal. This was because there were intensive debts that the company was trying to hide through that inaccurate financial reporting.Should I be found in such as a situation where indebtedness makes my company unattractive for an acquisition, I would rather put in place medium and long term debt recovery solutions that will buy the company out of debt, rather than report false financial statements. This recovery solution would be taken in association with whichever companies are interested in the deal so that the most workable solutions can be worked out in a very transparent manner. As a manager would always ensure that accurate financial information is reflected in the organization’s financial statements by ensuring the use of third party and independent auditing service persons. Very often, companies over rely on internal auditors, who are easily influenced by accountants (Zimmerman, 2014). It is for this reason that Sherman & Young (2001) recommend the use of external auditors and other independent accounting services to verify an authenticity of financial statements.

Health system policy #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health system policy #2 - Essay Example The theoretical foundation and historical background of the DNR concept will be taken up and an attempt will be made to tell what influences can impact the achievement of policy goals, as well as the changes that will be needed to engage stakeholders to improve effectiveness of the policy. Finally, the implication of this generic policy to the Saudi Arabian environment will be explored Euthanasia ("good death") is an intentional termination of life of a person by another at the explicit person who wishes to die. It is a "mercy killing" of an incurably ill person out of compassion. Active euthanasia is considered murder or manslaughter in most jurisdictions, while passive euthanasia, of which a DNR process is one, is accepted by professional medical societies and is legal under certain circumstances. A DNR order is a notation placed on a patient’s chart which states that if the patient should undergo respiratory or heart failure, no efforts should be made to resuscitate that individual. In passive euthanasia a persons death is hastened by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course without medical intervention such as turning off respirators, stopping medications, or discontinuing feeding of food and water. It can also include giving the patient massive doses of morphine in order to relieve pain while hastening death, a practice that als o considered ethical by medical societies (Euthanasia). It must be emphasized that a DNR order is generally considered a form of passive euthanasia. This is distinguished from active euthanasia - whereby a health care provider takes a deliberate action that will induce death, such as administering morphine, insulin or barbiturates, followed by an injection of curare (DNR reports) The DNR (Do-Not-Resuscitate) or DNAR (Do-No Attempt-Resuscitation) policy is

Archaeology Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Archaeology Topic - Assignment Example Developing material culture and brand concepts of culture that are inseparable from the communities is essential. Culture heritage belongs to people, therefore ensuring cultural heritage is a necessity at all cost (Fiol 191). Heritage duration is important to the local people. Duration is long-term preservation of heritage assets and provision of their access in different forms. The fragile heritage assets need to be preserved in an environment that protects them. Large museums offer such conservators for the fragile assets. Museums give culture heritage long life through preserving artifacts or through recreating a historical place that can be experienced by people. There are different forms of protecting buildings and structures that hold cultural heritage. Heritage management for buildings requires continued use of the building. Intangible cultural heritage also needs to be managed through being re-interpreted by people of the specific cultural regions. Management of intangible cultural heritage is not easy but it is still manageable. Cultural resources are all very important and they need constant maintenance (Fiol

Don Quixote Essay Example for Free

Don Quixote Essay Fiction and Metafiction in Borges Ficciones and Cervantes Don Quixote dela Mancha Unbelievable and amazing may perhaps best describe the literature that the world has as of the moment. It is unbelievable because who would have thought that the wide spectrum of literary works would be so great in number? At the same time, it is amazing as the progress and history which literature has gone through are truly marvelous. The literary works which are within humanitys reach are incomparable to what people back then had. The literary works of the moment which are within humanitys reach is a compilation of history, art, language, the sciences, and politics of every generation, culture, and nation. Truly, literature has such a monumental scope within its pages that sometimes, a person may be lost with so many things literature has to offer. Literature is both fact and fiction and is inspired both by history and creative imagination. The elements within literature are all reflections of the realities of society, but these things can still be considered as fictional—after all, fact is fact and pure truth—nothing more. But what if something fictional seems so real that it seems to be factual and true? What if a person or a character which is just imagined seems to be a real person of this world? What if the line between reality and imagined is confusing and seems to be separated by nothing at all? Two authors by the name of Jorge Luis Borges and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra are the answers to such questions. Saavedra who wrote (or â€Å"supposedly re-wrote) the famous adventure of Don Quixote dela Mancha and Jorge Luis Borges who wrote the seventeen literary pieces contained within Ficciones are fictional writers. When a person talks about fiction, it usually pertains to one thing—created by the imagination. Thus, it means that any work of fiction is merely invented by any person and that any fictional work is not true, is false, and can never be a fact. Yet, Saavedra and Borges have created literary works which are fictional but they seem so real and true that a person is left to believe that they are indeed the truth—metafiction. Metafiction, according to Patricia Waugh, is â€Å"a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality† (qtd. in Liu). Thus, metafiction is indeed fictional and from the imagination, and it aims to confuse readers about what is real and what is merely created by a person. How does a person achieve this? Again, according to Patricia Waugh, â€Å"such writings not only examine the fundamental structures of narrative fiction, they also explore the possible fictionality of the world outside the literary fictional text† (qtd. in Liu). Thus, an author creates a fictional world and creates another fictional world within the already imagined world—creating a metafictional world. In Borges Ficciones and Saavedras Don Quixote dela Mancha—this metafictional world is truly what they have conjured up. Ficciones is a book which contains seventeen fictional literary pieces that seem to be real. Each piece has its own world, own elements of characters, settings, and even at some point, its own mind and language. There are pieces such as the Library of Babel that appears to be real and true that a reader also wants to believe that such place is true. In that particular piece (from Part One of the book), Borges describes a library in length and in awe. The whole thing seems to be an introduction to a novel of some sort, and yet at the same time, it also seems to come from a real book full of factual evidences that such a library exists. In the following excerpt, Borges describes the library and the people who are fascinated with it: â€Å"When it was proclaimed that the Library comprised all books, the first impression was one of extravagant joy. All men felt themselves of a secret, intact treasure. The universe was justified, the universe suddenly expanded to the limitless dimensions of hope† (83). However, further in the Library of Babel, Borges even talks of mystical books such as the Vindications which are â€Å"books of apology and prophesy which vindicated for all time the actions of every man in the world and established a store of prodigious arcana for the future† (83). What Borges has created is a fictional world, but a reader may find that world to be so palpable and genuine that it appears to be impossible that it is just imagined. The same conclusion can be given to Saavedra and his work on Don Quixote dela Mancha. In Saavedras work, the book is divided into two parts—one is the tale or adventure itself of Don Quixote and the second part is the metafictional work wherein the author talks directly to the readers and even to the characters that they all seem to be real people when clearly, they are all imagined. The ridiculous adventure of Don Quixote and his â€Å"squire† Sancho Panza is so preposterous (as with the example of the enchanted peasant girl or the basin turned into a knights helmet), far-fetched, and humorous that a person will not for a second think that the entire tale is true. However, when Saavedra writes the second part of the book, doubts and hesitations replace the earlier convictions. For example, in the first part, Saavedra writes about a Dulcinea who was believed by Don Quixote to be a princess in disguise of a peasant girl when in fact, she really is a peasant girl. Later on though, Saavedra explains this turn of events in Don Quixotes life: â€Å"I have reason to think that Sanchos artifice to deceive his mater, and make him believe the peasant girl to be Dulcinea enchanted, was in fact, all a contrivance of some one of the magicians who persecute Don Quixote † (369). Therefore, Saavedra has created two worlds—one that is entirely fictional wherein the character of Don Quixote resides, and the other is metaficitonal wherein the character of Don Quixote does reside still but which it is explained why he has such ridiculous notions of chivalry and enchantments. In conclusion, though metafiction may seem to be such a complex and wondrous thing, it cannot exist without a person knowing first what is fictional. Metafiction exists in the world of fiction—a person cannot write or create a metafictional world without going into a fictional one. That is like a person wanting to break the rules without knowing what were the rules in the first place. Literature is truly complex but at the same time unbelievable and amazing—Saavedra and Borges can attest to that. Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. Ficciones. New York: Grove Press, 1962. Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote dela Mancha. New York: Penguin Group Incorporated, 1957. Lui, Kate. â€Å"Theories of Metafiction. † Postmodern Theories and Texts. 1998. Department of English Language and Literature, Fu Jen University. 4 Aug. 2009.

Each country Essay Example for Free

Each country Essay Each country is recognized by its currency for both domestic as well international business and money transactions. Both money market and foreign exchange market are interconnected and it is almost impossible isolate one from another. The point here is, how to define a money market? The answer is, when an article is sold or purchased with an exchange of â€Å"money† which is a financial paper representing a sum of money owing to one another by virtue of sale our purchase. Currency is cash, which is usually carried by people for various purposes. Currency is money and Government Treasury Bills are near-money. Money markets are completely controlled and monitored by central banks, commercial banks and financial institutions. Each bank or financial institutions is accountable to central bank in terms of maintaining liquidity, solvency and for distribution of money. Exchange of money has been in use for almost a century now for any commercial purpose of buying or selling indicating that a commercial transaction has taken place, either buying a home or stock market shares / Treasury Bills. Money in exchange has been a common practice for any commercial transaction. A similar procedure is applicable in foreign exchange market, that each time a transaction is recorded, foreign exchange is either sold or purchased. Like any other market, money market and the foreign exchange market record high and low of currencies exchange which depend upon whether one is selling or buying. Traders of foreign exchange market provide tw prices. The first being the willing price to buy foreign currency and second being the willing price to sell foreign currency. It is here that traders benefit in making profits in foreign exchange transactions. If a lender receives $108 at the end of an year, $100 being loan refund and $8 is interest per annum that is given to lender. Interest rates are either per annum or per month or per quarter which is called flat interest rate. For example if interest rate is 2 per cent per month, per annum interest is 24 per cent. (2 x 12) . Most of the financial instruments are traded on discounted basis which means, the borrower has to pay interest at the time of considering the loan i. e. If loan amount is $100 and interest per annum is $8, the borrower receives only $92. ($100 $8 = $92). If the principal along with interest is refunded at the end of an year, it is called as balloon payment. ($100 + $8 = $108) . Banks usually negotiate interest rates with clients while considering huge amounts as loans depending on the goodwill and repayment capacity of clients. Banks accepts deposits from clients on a certain surety of payment of interests either quarterly, monthly or per annum. Foreign currency market exists all over the world in each nation with the fact that, every country’s export or import business requires exchange of foreign currency for payment of foreign transactions or EXIM business. The flow of cash in various currencies i. e. either in US dollars, Euros, Yen or any other currency is important as it increases or decreases the cash balances. Cash flow always carry a significant direction, currency, date and location where the cash flow is given. Cash flows can be either inflow or outflow. Foreign exchange markets always carry two currencies, one currency is being sold, and the other currency is being purchased. The funds manager verifies the characteristics of cash flow whether the following are present in foreign exchange transaction. 1. The name of the second party to the transaction. 2. State whether the specific currency is being sold or purchased. 3. The total amount involved in transaction. 4. The location where the funds or instruments is purchased. 5. The location where the second party requires the funds to be purchased. 6. The rate for the transaction. 7. Value date. Cash flows are aggregated in two groups. The first being net cash flow per currency by specific value date and second being net exchange position of each currency with aggregate value of dates. The concept of value date has a great importance in the matters of foreign currency exchange transactions with two dimensions which are as follows: 1. Spot transactions carry value date of 2 business days with its closure on the following day when the transaction is closed. 2. Forward transactions carry value date for future, with specific date from the spot value date, at the time of transaction. Value date indicates in flow of cash, cash expected in the future for commercial banks and central banks especially in foreign currency exchange transactions. A very good scope of interaction exists between money market and foreign currency exchange market. For instance : 1. A cash flow of â‚ ¬ 3 million is expected on value date October 31 to an European money exchange bank from another country. Here the value date is October 31. 2. A cash flow of $ 10 million is expected on value date December 31 to another European Bank. Here the value date is December 31. The above example indicates the net cash flow includes both spot transaction and future transaction of foreign currency exchange. The responsibility of funds manager is as follows: 1. On receipt of funds in euros, the entire amount will be deposited in the account of euro cash balance. 2. On receipt of funds in dollars, the entire amount will be deposited in the account of dollars cash balance. Banks maintain a regular cash balances of respective foreign currency exchanges and accordingly lend loans with certain interest rates and also issue currencies against exchange for commercial transactions. On every day basis the business days carry exchange rates which quote high and low according to the demand of buy and sell of traders of foreign currency exchange and also depending on the stock market sensex with FII inflows. One important aspect of foreign exchange currency is to be noted is here that the traders of foreign currency exchanges play a vital role in bidding and buying foreign currencies. For example if a trader bids 120. 00-05 on dollar/Yen, which means to buy dollar at 120. 00 and sell Yen or sell USD at 120. 05. Conclusion Among all regional respective currencies of each nation, United States Dollar has been accepted universally for both domestic as well international foreign exchange currency services and for global business transactions. Commercial transaction amount is converted into USD and paid accordingly which is converted from regional currency. For example if a Euro businessmen purchases 500 computers from IBM, deal of business amount that is calculated in Euros is converted into USD and paid to IBM which is were foreign currency exchange converter is required. The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB 52) defines Foreign Currency Translation, defines GAAP U. S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requirements for foreign currency revaluation.

A Critical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Journal Article Nursing Essay

A Critical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Journal Article Nursing Essay Research is a significant element in all professions, but perhaps more so in healthcare. It forms the basis of development and adaptation in the healthcare world, and allows professions to merely observe change (Griffiths, 2009). This essay critically appraises a research article, Using CASP (critical appraisal skills programme, 2006) and individual sections of Bellini Rumrill: guidelines for critiquing research articles (Bellini Rumrill, 1999). The title of this article is; Clinical handover in the trauma setting: A qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members. (Evans, Murray, Patrick, Fitzgerald, Smith, Cameron, 2010). Many research articles are appraised due to the sheer degree of information obtainable in health care settings. Critically appraising articles allows one to filter out the low quality studies and distinguish misleading information (Cormack, Gerrish Lacey, 2010). The article title clearly explains the research, without being too extensive, using extraneous words or explaining the results found. It is able to inform the reader of the research aim without becoming uninteresting. The basic concept of a title should provide a summary of the content. A good title should be straight forward; a poorly written title will defer readers (Centre for research writing resources, 2012). Key words serve as key elements in the article, including handover, trauma and paramedics. Again allowing the reader to know precisely what the article consists of. The abstract of this article elucidates the purpose of the research, its results and reasonings. It also briefly articulates the method, highlighting key factors necessary. Everything declared in the article is present in the central text; all statistics and findings are indistinguishable. The abstract enables the reader to decipher if the article is of interest. This article clearly identifies the aims of the research in the abstract and main text. By using aims, the results and discussion are simply interpreted and flow effortlessly. Aims should be written plainly, in non-technical language and state the concepts the research is addressing (Stommel Wills, 2004). By using comprehensible and concise aims, the reader can simply understand what the researcher is setting out to obtain, giving the research a focus. In the background of the article, the researcher clearly identifies the relevance of the research aims and why the research is required, including medical mishaps and misinterpretation of trauma handovers. This allows one to understand the concepts behind the research, give the aims credibility and support incorporation into the results. Background information suggests that the topic has been thoroughly researched and aids construction of research methods and aims (Blaxter, Hughes Tight, 2006). This research uses qualitative methods, which deem appropriate for this type of research, as the researcher is trying to highlight the attitudes, experiences and emotions of participants concerning handovers. The research does not use statistics, rather participants responses and their subjective experiences around the topic. Qualitative research looks at the essence of social phenomena, giving people the opportunity to understand what people do and why (Williams, 2010). In the abstract, the researcher articulates using grounded theory and thematic analysis. Grounded theory is used to develop theories that can be used in practice (Oktay, 2012), suggesting this is a desired method for this research. The article is well set out, permitting the research design to be effortlessly recognisable and easily read. Although the researcher states that grounded theory was used, one may say that it was used incorrectly. Grounded theory is used to create theories that can be applied in real life situations (Oktay, 2012) and although this study does create a theory, (effective and ineffective handovers) it is building on an already established theory (MIST Mechanism-Injuries-Signs-treatment). The use of grounded theory is very ambiguous in this research; it could be argued that is has been applied correctly, due to using current research to guide the study. Whether it was applied accurately or not, the researcher has not explained how they used grounded theory or i ntegrated the theories into the research. The researcher does not disclose how they determined the exact method used. This would be beneficial as the research question, method of data collection and data analysis all depend on each other, and therefore these paramount decisions need to be made continually throughout the research process (Willig, 2008). The participants were selected through purposive convenience sampling, with no incentives. Although this is convenient for the researchers, it may mean the respondents are not the most appropriate to the task itself (Burnard Newell, 2011). In this case, all the participants were Paramedics or part of a trauma team and all had understanding with trauma cases. As the researcher states in the limitations, the conclusion may be different for less experienced participants or those who were trained differently. There is no explanation as to why the participants chose to take part in the study, nor why others chose to decline the opportunity. This would be valuable information as there may be a specific group of people that decide to volunteer for research studies, therefore the research may not be applicable for all paramedics and trauma staff. One may find it difficult to consider how all of the volunteers happened to be experienced, this may lead to the suggestion that the researchers f iltered through the respondents and chose the most suitable, still using convenience sampling. The article is also unclear about how the volunteers came to know about the research and what they were told before the research commenced. Convenience sampling is most commonly used in larger- scale studies (Sim Wright, 2000) and therefore seems an outlandish method to use, as only 27 participants were used in this study. In this article, the researcher does not disclose the setting in which data was collected. This may well have an impact on the results, as it could influence the participants emotions, how comfortable they feel and how much information they are willing to provide (Shi, 2008). Also, they do not specify which researcher conducted the interviews. By the interviewer being a Paramedic, part of a trauma team or neither may have an interviewer affect (Alder Clark, 2011). This in turn may change the results of the study, make it bias or unreliable. There is an obvious section in the article relating to how the data was collected. All participants were interviewed face to face, but the researcher does not specify if these were in groups or individual. By interviewing as a group some people may conform to others responses. Using a semi-structured face to face interview allows the interviewer to observe non-verbal communication techniques, as well as how the participants give their responses ( Flick, 2009). The interview consisted of pre-determined questions, using a topic guide. It is not discussed who wrote the topic guide, this again could have an effect on the results or the way in which certain questions are worded. The paramedics were given a somewhat different question format to those of the trauma team, allowing the researchers to gain full potential of questions given. The topic guide was integrated into the article, so readers are fully aware of questions asked. The participants were given a copy of MIST and asked to comment on how it could be enhanced. This was modified and presented at the specialties clinical meetings and opinions were given to the researchers by email or telephone. The researcher does not specify who was present at the clinical meetings, and whether the Paramedics were given the opportunity to see the modified version. It also does not disclose how long participants were given to respond and if they were given a chance to confer with any oth er people. If the participants were able to discuss the modified MIST before replying, the results may be inaccurate; some responses may be influenced by other professions with different experiences. The article is very vague about who was interviewed on the minimum dataset for handovers, as only the speciality groups were declared. This could cause a bias result, if only one profession was interviewed on specific aim. The researcher has not commented on their rationale for using any of these methods; supplying a rationale can help ensure validity in the research process and results (Piekkari Welch, 2004).There is no mention of any changes made throughout the study, therefore one can assume the original plan was followed through the majority of the study. The researcher has not mentioned how the data was recorded; this could have a detrimental effect on the results, because if they are noted from the researchers memory, mistakes could be made. Grounded theory usually records data u sing audio and video tapes, allowing the researcher to carefully examine responses given (Schreiber Stern, 2001). At no stage in the article does the researcher comment on their own role and any bias they may cause in the study. Researchers are said to be bias when they do not take an objective approach to research (Powers Knapp, 2006). From the article itself one can see that the research team consists of 1 Ambulance service employee, 1 trauma team member and 4 people from the research centre of excellence, suggesting there is minimal bias from researchers, but this is not documented. One may say bias was reduced as the participants were not given MIST until after they had been asked some of the questions; therefore it had no influence on previous responses. There is no research question used in this study, but there are four clear aims that were derived from the extensive background and initial research. Ethical issues have been considered by the research team as the study was approved by an ethics committee, but there is no justification of ethical issues taken into consideration concerning the participants. Although there are no ethical issues relating to the welfare of the participants, the researchers do not explain confidentiality and informed consent. One can presume that informed consent was gained from each respondent as they volunteered for the research. Informed consent requires the participants to have adequate information regarding the research (Surrena,2011). During this study, the data was sufficiently analysed, using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis uses coding to identify the recurrent or main themes in research results. It is most often used in qualitative research as it emphasises recurrent ideas and feelings (Mays, Popay Pope, 2007). By using a coding programme to categorise responses from participants, the researchers were able to find recurrent themes and were capable of placing responses into three nodes that were directed by the initial aims. This was independently checked for consistency and in some cases a third researcher was used to decipher any discrepancies, again reducing bias. In the main text, the researcher does not mention the use of thematic analysis, only the coding process, although it is mentioned in the abstract; one can assume this method was used throughout. It is not explained why the responses shown in the article were chosen to be published, but there is a descriptive table shown that entails several re sponses. It is exceedingly supportive to the results given, as it concurs with the results and highlights how the paramedics and trauma team share equivalent experiences with trauma handovers. The data analysis materialized no contradictory responses; there was a general consensus between all participants, emphasizing the need for further research and handover training and frameworks. There is a clear consensus that countless handovers are ineffective and several participants agreed on reasons for this. This was evidently stated by the researcher, along with the need for paramedics to obtain training in effective, concise handovers. There is no evidence for argument as all participants agreed that handovers needed to be enhanced in order to improve patient outcome and quick treatment. The researchers were not trying to settle argument, merely emphasise the experiences of professionals in the emergency setting. The researcher considers triangulation, but declares it should be used with caution in other hospitals, not mentioning the studys use in other ambulance services. Triangulation refers to approaching data from various perspectives (Flick, Kardorff Steinke, 2004).The discussion is flawlessly set out as the aims the researcher set out to justify. This makes it easier to alternate between the method, results and discussion with ease. The researcher discusses how the study can be the basis to further development with trauma handovers and illuminates the need for further research and application. It does mention the need for further paramedic training, but as a lone piece of research, it is unable to act upon this. The research has not highlighted any new areas that need investigation or further research, but has merely emphasised the awareness of poor trauma handovers. There is also no mention of transferability in this study, other than using it cautiously in other hospitals. Transferability refers to the probability that the study has meaning or use in other situations (Surrena, H 2011). In addition, there is a short time period between the article being written and it being published; meaning the information in this study is relevant and up to date. In conclusion, this research study is well designed with meaningful and useful results. The aims and background information are impeccable, giving the researcher ample reasons to conduct the study. The results are well analysed and supported by the discussion. The only downfall to this article is the minimal justification of choices made throughout the study. There are various limitations, that the researchers have identified themselves, allowing further researchers to replicate the study, modifying the limitations noted in this article. Due to the researcher identifying the need for further research, the reader may not consider changing their current practice based on this article alone. However it would be exceptionally useful in further research.

The Impact of Forest Management on Water Supply and Quality Essay

The Impact of Forest Management on Water Supply and Quality Forest management can have either detrimental or positive effects on watershed supply and quality. The type of effect depends on the type of operation(eg. harvesting vs. reforestation), the way it is conducted, and the view point of the land manager(eg. more or less water yield). Timber harvesting activities tend to increase the water yields of a watershed. Evapotranspiration is decreased by the removal of vegetation. This decrease in ET causes the amount of soil water that is moving into the channel system to increase. Lower ET rates also increase the amount of water available for deep percolation that provides baseflow (Satterlund and Adams, 1992). The decrease in ET may be short lived. For example, when a stand is thinned, the remaining trees quickly capture the increase of resources that is made available through the thinning. Understory vegetation also increases growth after removal of the overstory. Therefore, timber harvesting should be viewed as a temporary reduction in ET rates. Another way harvesting increases the water yield of a watershed is by increasing runoff. When an area is totally or partially harvested, temporary or permanent logging roads are usually constructed. These logging roads can capture subsurface flow and divert it to ditches associated with the road. These roads can divert surface flow that would ordinarily by dispersed and infiltrate (Satterlund and Adams, 1992). Because of the surface characteristics of roads, precipitation that falls on them has a reduced capacity to infiltrate. The effects of logging roads can be temporary or permanent. Temporary logging roads eventually revegetate, and may even be planted with herbaceous pla... ... encourage sediment deposition. Some forest management practices include fertilization. This can degrade water quality if nutrients are allowed to enter the stream system. Fertilization normally takes place at stand establishment as a site preparation technique. Because this is a time in the forest's life where ET is reduced and runoff is increased, the greatest risk of contamination is then. Fertilization is also accasionally applied in mid-rotation. Fertilizer applied during this time period is not likely to affect water quality. Reforestation of a highly disturbed watershed will improve water quality. The amount of erosion will be lessened, and nutrient inputs from agricultural land can also be intercepted and taken up by the forest. Reference Satterlund, D.R. and Adams, P.W. 1992. Wildland Watershed Management. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

Essay :: essays research papers

LeBron James was born on December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio. His mother was Gloria James who was only 16 at the time. His father was Anthony McClelland. Gloria raised LeBron on her own. Life was often a struggle for LeBron and his mother. LeBron James, who has been called "the best high school player ever," is a creative dunker with the explosiveness of Jordan and the passing ability of Magic Johnson. Not since Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was a high schooler in the '60s has a high school sensation gotten so much exposure and generated so much excitement. He is known as a call showstopper" who has, during his tenure at St. Vincent-St. Mary High School in Akron, Ohio, exhibited the kind of fan-pleasing ability that will likely make him the NBA's No. 1 draft pick on June 26. James, who has a 32-point scoring average and 3.75 grade-point average, is a cordial, sometimes engaging youngster who is characterized by his unselfishness on the court that's mixed with a bit of flamboyance. And it's those credentials that elevated him to the level where he was the focus of what was called the "Fantastic Scholastic LeBron James Tour," an 8,500-mile, cross-country road schedule that included stops in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Dayton and Greensboro, N.C. But with so much attention devoted to James, it has created the sometimes circus-like environment that surrounds him. Even so, he has been able to handle it with the maturity of one who is much older than his 18 years. "Sometimes it's tough because you don't get to be a kid anymore. But I've chosen this lifestyle and you have to take it for what it is," he says. "I love every moment of it. I'd rather people know me as a great basketball player than see me on the news [and people] saying something bad that I did." The McDonald's High School Player of the Year is a unique package of athletic ability and charisma that has enthralled spectators in ways not seen before at this level. This spring, for example, sellout crowds of 20,000 or more attended several All-Star games in which he played, and some paid upward of $85 to see him. There are nearly 1,100 LeBron James items listed on eBay. And when was the last time that a high schooler has generated so much excitement that his regular-season games were nationally televised?

Politicians and Social Order :: essays research papers

A social order. A person’s beliefs and values that allow them to make the choices that to have the type of government they want. My social order- one of an African-American, 17-year-old, low middle-class female- will differ widely from my mother’s, or Shemair’s, or even your social order. For instance, I strongly value education. So does my mother, Shemair, and I am sure you do, too. My mother might value my education because it will help her later on in life. Shemair might value my education because it means that we will be able to move out after graduation. You as my teacher, will value my education because it proves that your education was good and your life as a teacher is worthwhile. I value my education for the sake of getting knowledge. Everyone might have the same value and yet they will have different reasons for valuing it. The same is true of our political values. People might want a strong government because of the type of social order that they hold. The government maintains my personal and political social order. The government allows me to vote for people who have the same purposes as I do. Representatives who fall into my political social order are the ones who will get my vote as I get older. For instance - the issue of abortion. I am strongly against abortion for any reason at any time. When it comes time to vote for people to be a part of my state government, I am going to choose someone who believes that killing at any stage in life is immoral. This way, through elections, I will have the ability to participate in the government. I will have someone who protects individual rights, thus maintaining my social order, and keep the government holding the same ideas as me. The principle of our democratic government will allow me to express my individualism. My personal liberty will be established because the government protects our interacting values that we hold. Another value that we have is the idea of equality of opportunity. This fact is evident in the decision to have affirmative action used in places such as colleges, universities, and jobs. I believe 100% that affirmative action is good and justifiable. I will vote for someone who pushes for affirmative action in the state of Florida. My social order clearly shows that I want someone who favors post-secondary education, especially for minorities. Also, the idea of majority rule will be upheld in all of the elections that we hold. This way I can have free expression in my personal life, as well as in the political arena. Politicians and Social Order :: essays research papers A social order. A person’s beliefs and values that allow them to make the choices that to have the type of government they want. My social order- one of an African-American, 17-year-old, low middle-class female- will differ widely from my mother’s, or Shemair’s, or even your social order. For instance, I strongly value education. So does my mother, Shemair, and I am sure you do, too. My mother might value my education because it will help her later on in life. Shemair might value my education because it means that we will be able to move out after graduation. You as my teacher, will value my education because it proves that your education was good and your life as a teacher is worthwhile. I value my education for the sake of getting knowledge. Everyone might have the same value and yet they will have different reasons for valuing it. The same is true of our political values. People might want a strong government because of the type of social order that they hold. The government maintains my personal and political social order. The government allows me to vote for people who have the same purposes as I do. Representatives who fall into my political social order are the ones who will get my vote as I get older. For instance - the issue of abortion. I am strongly against abortion for any reason at any time. When it comes time to vote for people to be a part of my state government, I am going to choose someone who believes that killing at any stage in life is immoral. This way, through elections, I will have the ability to participate in the government. I will have someone who protects individual rights, thus maintaining my social order, and keep the government holding the same ideas as me. The principle of our democratic government will allow me to express my individualism. My personal liberty will be established because the government protects our interacting values that we hold. Another value that we have is the idea of equality of opportunity. This fact is evident in the decision to have affirmative action used in places such as colleges, universities, and jobs. I believe 100% that affirmative action is good and justifiable. I will vote for someone who pushes for affirmative action in the state of Florida. My social order clearly shows that I want someone who favors post-secondary education, especially for minorities. Also, the idea of majority rule will be upheld in all of the elections that we hold. This way I can have free expression in my personal life, as well as in the political arena.